水处理剂是一类用于水处理的化学药剂的总称，广泛用于石油、化工、冶金、交通、轻工、纺织等工业部门。水处理剂包括缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、杀菌剂、絮凝剂、净化剂、清洗剂、预膜剂等。在实际应用中，往往使用复合配方的水处理剂，或者综合应用各类水处理剂。因此，既要注意各组分之间由于不适当的复配而产生对抗作用，使效果降低或丧失，也要充分利用协同效应（几种药剂共存时所产生的增效作用）而增效。此外，大多数水处理系统是敞开系统，会有一定的排放量，使用时要考虑到各类水处理剂对环境的影响。
常见的水处理剂有：絮凝剂、七水硫酸亚铁、聚合铁盐、氢氧化钙、六水三氯化铁、杀菌灭藻剂、二氧化氯、阻垢缓蚀剂、聚丙烯酰胺（阳离子、阴离子、非离子）、聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铝铁、硫酸亚铁等。
Water treatment agent is a general term for a class of chemical agents used in water treatment. It is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, transportation, light industry, textile and other industrial sectors. The water treatment agent includes a corrosion inhibitor, a scale inhibitor, a bactericide, a flocculant, a purifying agent, a cleaning agent, a pre-filming agent, and the like. In practical applications, it is often used as a water treatment agent for a composite formulation, or a combination of various water treatment agents. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the antagonistic effects between the components due to improper compounding, so that the effect is reduced or lost, and the synergistic effect (the synergistic effect produced by the coexistence of several agents) is also fully utilized to increase the efficiency. In addition, most water treatment systems are open systems with a certain amount of emissions, taking into account the environmental impact of various water treatment agents.
Common water treatment agents are: flocculant, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, polymeric iron salt, calcium hydroxide, ferric chloride hexahydrate, bactericidal algaecide, chlorine dioxide, scale inhibitor, polyacrylamide ( Cationic, anionic, nonionic), polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, and the like.
分类：
缓蚀剂
一类以适当浓度和形式投加在水中后，可以防止或减缓水对金属材料或设备腐蚀的化学品，具有效果好、用量少、使用方便等特点。缓蚀剂的类别和品种很多，按其化合物的种类，可分为无机缓蚀剂和有机缓蚀剂。按其抑制的反应是阳极反应、阴极反应或两者兼而有之，可分为阳极型缓蚀剂、阴极型缓蚀剂或混合型缓蚀剂。缓蚀剂还可以按照在金属表面形成保护膜的机理而分成钝化膜型、沉淀膜型和吸附膜型等。在水处理中常用的钝化膜型缓蚀剂如铬酸盐、亚硝酸盐、钼酸盐等；常用的沉淀膜型缓蚀剂有聚合磷酸盐、锌盐等；常用的吸附膜型缓蚀剂如有机胺等。
Corrosion inhibitor
A type of chemical that can prevent or slow the corrosion of water to metal materials or equipment after being added to water in an appropriate concentration and form, has the advantages of good effect, low dosage, and convenient use. There are many types and varieties of corrosion inhibitors. According to the types of compounds, they can be classified into inorganic corrosion inhibitors and organic corrosion inhibitors. The reaction inhibited by the reaction is an anode reaction, a cathodic reaction or both, and can be classified into an anode type corrosion inhibitor, a cathode type corrosion inhibitor or a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitor can also be classified into a passivation film type, a precipitation film type, an adsorption film type, and the like according to a mechanism of forming a protective film on the metal surface. Passivation film type corrosion inhibitors commonly used in water treatment such as chromate, nitrite, molybdate, etc.; commonly used precipitation film type corrosion inhibitors include polymeric phosphates, zinc salts, etc.; Etchants such as organic amines.
分散剂
最早的阻垢分散剂是聚丙烯酸（钠），它对碳酸钙垢有良好的阻垢性能，但对磷酸钙沉积的抑制作用极低。此类聚羧酸型阻垢剂不仅有凝聚和分散作用，还有使晶体在生长过程中发生晶格歪曲的作用，从而阻碍了金属传热面上垢层的牢固沉积。后来发现丙烯酸共聚物对二者抑制能力极佳，因而逐渐取代了聚丙烯酸（钠）。有机多元膦酸盐是阴离子型缓蚀剂，也是非化学当量螯合型阻垢剂，对钙、镁、锌、铁等离子不仅具有明显的低限制作用，而且对其它药剂还有协同作用，广泛用于冷却水处理中。有机膦酸酯属于阳离子型缓蚀剂，阻垢机理主要是晶格畸变。它是一种对金属铁的缓蚀剂，但也有控制钙垢的作用；用量比膦酸盐要小并能水解，因此不存在药剂量的积累和排污问题，水解产物可以被生物降解。
Dispersant
The earliest scale inhibitor dispersant is polyacrylic acid (sodium), which has good scale inhibition properties for calcium carbonate scale, but has a very low inhibitory effect on calcium phosphate deposition. Such a polycarboxylic acid type scale inhibitor not only has agglomeration and dispersion, but also causes lattice distortion of the crystal during growth, thereby hindering the firm deposition of the scale layer on the metal heat transfer surface. It was later found that the acrylic copolymer was excellent in suppressing both, and thus gradually replaced polyacrylic acid (sodium). The organic polyphosphonate is an anionic corrosion inhibitor and a non-stoichiometric chelating scale inhibitor. It not only has a significantly low limiting effect on calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and other ions, but also has synergistic effects on other agents. Used in cooling water treatment. Organic phosphonates are cationic corrosion inhibitors, and the scale inhibition mechanism is mainly lattice distortion. It is a corrosion inhibitor for metallic iron, but also has the effect of controlling calcium scale; the amount is smaller than that of phosphonate and can be hydrolyzed, so there is no accumulation of drug amount and sewage problem, and the hydrolyzed product can be biodegraded.
阻垢剂
又称防垢剂，指一类能抑制水中钙、镁等成垢盐类形成水垢的化学品。有天然阻垢剂如单宁、木质素衍生物等；无机阻垢剂如六偏磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠等；有机、高分子类阻垢剂，其中以高分子类阻垢剂效果最好，具有发展前途。在水处理中应用较多的有机、高分子类阻垢剂有两类：①有机膦酸类如 EDTMPS（乙二胺四亚甲基膦酸）、HEDP（羟基次乙基二膦酸）等；②聚羧酸，如聚丙烯酸盐、水解聚马来酸酐等。这两类阻垢剂的阻垢作用，通常是通过晶格畸变，以及分散-凝聚作用而实现的，在油田水、锅炉水以及工业冷却水等系统应用较广。
Inhibitor
Also known as anti-scaling agent, it refers to a class of chemicals that can inhibit the formation of scale by the formation of scale salts such as calcium and magnesium in water. There are natural scale inhibitors such as tannins, lignin derivatives, etc.; inorganic scale inhibitors such as sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, etc.; organic, high molecular scale inhibitors, among which polymer antifouling agents are most effective Good, has a promising future. There are two types of organic and high-molecular scale inhibitors used in water treatment: 1 organic phosphonic acids such as EDTMPS (ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid), HEDP (hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid), etc. 2 polycarboxylic acid, such as polyacrylate, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, and the like. The scale inhibition of these two types of scale inhibitors is usually achieved by lattice distortion and dispersion-coacervation. It is widely used in oilfield water, boiler water and industrial cooling water.
杀菌剂
又称杀菌灭藻剂或污泥剥离剂、抗污泥剂等，指一类用于抑制水中菌藻等微生物滋长，以防止形成微生物粘泥的化学品。通常分为氧化性杀菌剂和非氧化性杀菌剂两类。氧化性杀菌剂，如常用的氯气、次氯酸钠、漂白粉（主要成分次氯酸钙）、二氧化氯等；非氧化性杀菌剂中效果好、应用比较广泛的是能破坏细菌的细胞壁和细胞质的化学品，如季铵盐等。季铵盐中如氯化十二烷基二甲基苄基铵或溴化十二烷基二甲基苄基铵等，往往兼具杀菌、剥离、缓蚀等多种作用，有发展前途，现已应用于油田水、工业冷却水等方面。
Fungicide
Also known as bactericidal algaecide or sludge stripper, anti-sludge agent, etc., refers to a class of chemicals used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as algae in water to prevent the formation of microbial slime. Usually divided into two types of oxidative fungicides and non-oxidizing fungicides. Oxidizing bactericides, such as commonly used chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder (main component calcium hypochlorite), chlorine dioxide, etc.; non-oxidizing bactericides have good effects and are widely used to destroy the cell wall and cytoplasm of bacteria. Products, such as quaternary ammonium salts. Among the quaternary ammonium salts, such as dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride or dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium bromide, etc., often have various effects such as sterilization, peeling, corrosion inhibition, etc., and have a promising future. It has been applied to oilfield water, industrial cooling water and so on.
絮凝剂
一类用于除去或降低水中浊度或悬浮物，加快水中杂质和污泥沉降速度的化学品。其中最早应用的是无机絮凝剂，如明矾、三氯化铁等。有机和高分子絮凝剂是今后广泛用于给水和废水处理中的絮凝剂。可分为阴离子型絮凝剂，如羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酸钠等；阳离子型絮凝剂，如聚乙烯胺等；还有非离子型絮凝剂，如聚丙烯酰胺等。它们的絮凝作用主要是通过电荷中和、吸附架桥作用来实现的。
Flocculant
A class of chemicals used to remove or reduce turbidity or suspended solids in water to accelerate the rate of sediment and sludge settling in water. The earliest application of Ke Chuang flocculant is inorganic flocculants such as alum and ferric chloride. Organic and high-molecular flocculants are widely used as flocculants in feedwater and wastewater treatment. Can be divided into anionic flocculants, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, etc.; cationic flocculants, such as polyvinylamine; and non-ionic flocculants, such as polyacrylamide. Their flocculation is mainly achieved by charge neutralization and adsorption bridging.
净化剂
油田水处理中应用的一种专用的化学品，能除去含油污水中的机械杂质和油，其作用除了上述絮凝剂所起的分离悬浮固体或机械杂质以外，还具有油水分离的净化作用。因此，这种净化剂中除含有一般絮凝剂成分如铝盐、聚丙烯酰胺等以外，常含有一些表面活性剂。对于净化剂的净化效果，一般采用薄膜过滤器加以测定，用滤膜因数（见过滤）的大小表示净化效果的好坏。
purifier
A special chemical used in oilfield water treatment can remove mechanical impurities and oil in oily sewage. Its function, in addition to the separation of suspended solids or mechanical impurities from the above flocculant, also has the purification effect of oil-water separation. Therefore, such a scavenger often contains some surfactants in addition to general flocculant components such as aluminum salts, polyacrylamides and the like. For the purification effect of the purifying agent, it is generally measured by a membrane filter, and the size of the membrane factor (see filtration) indicates the purification effect.
清洗剂
一类具有清洗作用的化学品。在水处理的预处理步骤中，常常需要用一些化学品清洗金属设备表面的沉积物，如腐蚀产物和水垢以及微生物粘泥等。根据清洗的不同要求，清洗剂可以分为酸洗剂如盐酸、硫酸、氢氟酸、柠檬酸等；钝化剂如苯甲酸钠等。所用的磺化琥珀酸二（α-乙基己酯）钠盐，则是一种表面活性剂，作为专用清洗剂，用于清洗金属表面的油污和浮锈等杂质。
detergent
A class of chemicals with a cleaning effect. In the pretreatment step of water treatment, it is often necessary to use some chemicals to clean deposits on the surface of metal equipment, such as corrosion products and scales, as well as microbial slime. According to the different requirements of cleaning, the cleaning agent can be divided into pickling agents such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, citric acid, etc.; passivating agents such as sodium benzoate. The sodium bis(α-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate used is a surfactant which is used as a special cleaning agent for cleaning impurities such as oil stains and floating rust on metal surfaces.
预膜剂
在水处理的预处理步骤中，能在金属表面预先形成保护膜的一类化学品。预膜的目的有两个：一是在使用化学品抑制腐蚀的初期提高投加的浓度；二是采用一种专用的预膜剂，以便在正常操作中投加少量的缓蚀剂，便可维持和修补保护膜，节约药剂和费用。常用的预膜剂有六偏磷酸钠加锌盐、三聚磷酸钠等。
Prefilming agent
In the pretreatment step of water treatment, a class of chemicals capable of forming a protective film on a metal surface in advance. There are two purposes for pre-filming: one is to increase the concentration of the chemical in the initial stage of corrosion inhibition; the other is to use a special pre-filming agent to add a small amount of corrosion inhibitor in normal operation. Maintain and repair protective film, saving pharmacy and cost. Commonly used pre-filming agents are sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc salt, sodium tripolyphosphate and the like.
辅助剂
为了更好发挥水处理剂的功效，还需要一系列与水处理剂配套使用的药剂，如清洗剂、消泡剂、除氧剂、含油浮选剂、预膜剂等。这些辅助剂大多是复配产品，与水处理剂有显著的协同作用。例如清洗剂，一般都为表面活性剂的复配产物，有时也可作为缓蚀剂、螯合剂的复配产物。预膜剂有六偏磷酸钠与硫酸锌配方的，也有将运行的水处理剂加大浓度至10~30倍用作预膜剂的。
Auxiliary agent
In order to better utilize the efficacy of the water treatment agent, a series of agents for use with the water treatment agent, such as a cleaning agent, an antifoaming agent, an oxygen scavenger, an oily flotation agent, a pre-filming agent, and the like, are also required. Most of these adjuvants are compounded products and have a significant synergistic effect with water treatment agents. For example, cleaning agents are generally compounded products of surfactants, and sometimes used as a combination of corrosion inhibitors and chelating agents. The pre-filming agent is formulated with sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc sulfate, and the running water treatment agent is also increased in concentration to 10 to 30 times as a pre-filming agent.
